name	The Times
type	Daily newspaper
format	Compact
price	UK£0.90 (Monday–Friday)£2 (Saturday) £1.30(Sat., Scotland)
foundation	1 January 1785
owners	News Corporation
sister newspapers	''The Sunday Times''
political	Moderate Conservative
headquarters	Wapping, London, UK
editor	James Harding
issn	0140-0460
website	www.thetimes.co.uk
circulation	502,436 March 2010 }}

''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper published in London since 1785, when it was known as ''The Daily Universal Register''.

''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' are published by Times Newspapers Limited, since 1981 a subsidiary of News International. News International is entirely owned by the News Corporation group, headed by Rupert Murdoch. Though traditionally a moderately centre-right newspaper and a supporter of the Conservatives, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, 26% for Labour.

''The Times'' is the original "Times" newspaper, lending its name to many other papers around the world, such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Los Angeles Times'', ''The Seattle Times'', ''The Daily Times (Malawi)'', Jimma Times (Ethiopia), ''The Times of India'', ''The Straits Times'', ''Polska The Times'' ''The Times of Malta'' and ''The Irish Times''. For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the 'London Times' or 'The Times of London'. The paper is also the originator of the ubiquitous Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of ''The Times'' in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.

The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 partly in an attempt to appeal to younger readers and partly to appeal to commuters using public transport. An American edition has been published since 6 June 2006.

Today

The newspaper's cover price in the United Kingdom is £1 on weekdays (30p for students at some university campus shops) and £1.50 on Saturday. ''The Times's'' sister paper, ''The Sunday Times'', is a broadsheet and priced at £2.20. Although ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' are both owned by News International, a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's Newscorp, they do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have shared the same owner only since 1967. In November 2006 ''The Times'' began printing headlines in its new font, Times Modern.

History

''The Times'' was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as ''The Daily Universal Register'', with Walter in the role of editor. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to ''The Times''. In 1803, John Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. John Walter Sr. had already spent sixteen months in Newgate prison for libel printed in ''The Times'', but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.

''The Times'' used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of ''The Times'' were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.

In 1809, John Stoddart was appointed general editor, replaced in 1817 with Thomas Barnes. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of ''The Times'' rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for ''The Times'' the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.").The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.

''The Times'' was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England. In other events of the nineteenth century, ''The Times'' opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400 000 people to 800 000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, ''The Times'' represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

The third John Walter (the founder's grandson) succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent. From the 1850s, however, ''The Times'' was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''The Morning Post''.

During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach ''The Times'' and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.

''The Times'' faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), ''The Times'' became associated with selling the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. However, due to legal fights between the ''Britannica's'' two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, ''The Times'' severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.

In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914 Wickham Steed, the ''Times'''s Chief Editor argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920, under the editorship of Wickham Steed, the ''Times'' in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic forgery ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'' as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'':

What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".

The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of the ''Times'', exposed ''The Protocols'' as a forgery, the ''Times'' retracted the editorial of the previous year.

In 1922, John Jacob Astor, a son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought ''The Times'' from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain.

Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, served as a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.

Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a ''Times'' editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, the ''Times'' became popularly known during World War II as the threepenny ''Daily Worker'' (the price of the ''Daily Worker'' was one penny)

In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson, and on 3 May 1966 it started printing news on the front page for the first time. (Previously, the paper's front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society.) The Thomson Corporation merged it with ''The Sunday Times'' to form Times Newspapers Limited.

An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year (1 December 1978 – 12 November 1979).

The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to save both titles by finding a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.

Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit. That buyer was the Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch.

Rupert Murdoch

In 1981, ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.

Murdoch soon began making his mark on the paper, replacing its editor, William Rees-Mogg, with Harold Evans in 1981. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print ''The Times'' since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when ''The Times'' moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.

In June 1990, ''The Times'' ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes for living persons) before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.

In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.

The Conservative Party announced plans to launch litigation against ''The Times'' over an incident in which the newspaper claimed that Conservative election strategist Lynton Crosby had admitted that his party would not win the 2005 General Election. ''The Times'' later published a clarification, and the litigation was dropped.

On 6 June 2005, ''The Times'' redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.

In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

In May 2008 printing of ''The Times'' switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.

Controversy and image

Long considered the UK's newspaper of record, ''The Times'' is generally seen as a serious publication with high standards of journalism. It is not without trenchant critics: Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the papers' pro-Israel stance.

Some allege that ''The Times''' partisan opinion pieces also damage its status as 'paper of record,' particularly when attacking interests that go against those of its parent company – News International. In 2010 it published an opinion piece attacking the BBC for being 'one of a group of' signatories to a letter criticising BSkyB share options in October 2010.

Readership profile and image

The British Business Survey 2005 named ''The Times'' as the UK's leading daily newspaper for business people. This independent survey was sponsored by ''The Financial Times'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', ''The Economist'', and ''The Times''.

The latest figures from the national readership survey show ''The Times'' to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers. The certified average circulation figures for November 2005 show that The Times sold 692,581 copies per day. This was the highest achieved under the last editor, Robert Thomson, and ensured that the newspaper remained ahead of ''The Daily Telegraph'' in terms of full-rate sales, although the ''Telegraph'' remains the market leader for broadsheets, with a circulation of 905,955 copies. Tabloid newspapers, such as ''The Sun'' and middle-market newspapers such as the ''Daily Mail'', at present outsell both papers with a circulation of around 3,005,308 and 2,082,352 respectively. By March 2010 the paper's circulation had fallen to 502,436 copies daily and the ''Telegraph's'' to 686,679, according to ABC figures.

Format and supplements

''The Times'' features news for the first half of the paper with the leading articles on the second page, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section, the world news normally follows this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper.

''Literary Supplement''

''The Times Literary Supplement'' (TLS) is a separately-paid-for weekly literature and society magazine.

''Science Reviews''

Between 1951 and 1966 ''The Times'' published a separately-paid-for quarterly science review, ''The Times Science Review''. Remarkably, in 1953 both the newspaper and its science supplement failed to report on the discovery of the structure of DNA in Cambridge, which was reported on by both the ''News Chronicle'' and ''The New York Times''.

''The Times'' started another new (but free) monthly science magazine, ''Eureka'', in October 2009.

''Times2''

''The Times'''s main supplement was the ''times2'', featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010, most of its regular features being absorbed into the main paper, the puzzles into a new supplement called ''Mind Games''. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called ''T2'' and previously ''Times 2''. Regular features included columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages were devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, "Killer Sudoku", "KenKen", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main "Times Crossword". The penultimate page was "Young Times", with puzzles and news for children. All these features are now found in ''Mind Games''.

The supplement also contained arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings and reviews which have now become their own weekly supplements.

''The Game''

''The Game'' is included in the newspaper on a Monday, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of ''The Game'' also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.

Saturday supplements

The Saturday edition of ''The Times'' contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: ''Sport'', ''Weekend'' (including travel and lifestyle features), ''Saturday Review'' (arts, books, and ideas), ''The Times Magazine'' (columns on various topics), and ''Playlist'' (an entertainment listings guide).

''Saturday Review'' is the first regular supplement published in broadsheet format again since the paper switched to a compact size in 2004.

At the beginning of Summer 2011 ''Saturday Review'' switched to the tabloid format

''The Times Magazine'' features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food And Drink Writer of the Year in 2005.

Online presence

The ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at ''the-times.co.uk'' and ''sunday-times.co.uk'', and later at ''timesonline.co.uk''. In April 2009, the ''timesonline'' site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day.

Paywall

Rupert Murdoch argued that readers should pay for online content, and since July 2010, News International requires readers that do not already subscribe to the print edition to pay £1 per day or £2 per week to access ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' content.

There are now two websites, instead of one: ''thetimes.co.uk'' is aimed at daily readers, and the ''thesundaytimes.co.uk'' site at providing weekly magazine-like content.

According to figures released in November 2010 by ''The Times'', 100,000 people had paid to use the service in its first four months of operation, and another 100,000 received free access because they subscribe to the printed paper. Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million.

Typeface

''The Times'' commissioned the serif typeface ''Times New Roman'', created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing ''The Times'' for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of ''The Times''. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. ''Times New Roman'' made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue of ''The Times'' newspaper. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. ''The Times'' stayed with ''Times New Roman'' for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:

''Times Europa'' was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.

''Times Roman'' replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982. ''Times Millennium'' was made in 1991, drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International. ''Times Classic'' first appeared in 2001. Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper, while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004. ''Times Modern'' was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of ''Times Classic''. Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. The font was published by Elsner + Flake as ''EF Times Modern''; it was designed by Research Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of The Times) and designer Neville Brody.

Sponsored events

''The Times'', along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the London Film Festival (or more specifically, The Times ''bfi'' London Film Festival). As of 2005, it is Europe's largest public event for motion pictures.

''The Times'' also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.

Political allegiance

''The Times'' was a traditional Conservative Party supporter, even after its 18-year rule in government was ended by the Labour landslide of 1997, but for the 2001 general election the paper declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when it achieved a third successive election win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.

The Times had declared its support for Clement Attlee's Labour at the 1945 general election; the party went on to win the election by a landslide over Winston Churchill's Conservative government. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It would not switch sides again for more than 50 years.

Ownership

John Walter (1785–1803)

John Walter, 2nd (1803–1847)

John Walter, 3rd (1847–1894)

Arthur Fraser Walter (1894–1908)

Lord Northcliffe (1908–1922)

Astor family (1922–1966)

Roy Thomson (1966–1981)

News International (subsidiary of News Corporation), run by Rupert Murdoch (1981– )

Editorship

!Editor's name	!Years
	1785–1803
	1803–1812
John Stoddart	1812–1816
	1817–1841
John Delane	1841–1877
Thomas Chenery	1877–1884
George Earle Buckle	1884–1912
George Geoffrey Dawson	1912–1919
	1919–1922
George Geoffrey Dawson	1923–1941
Robert McGowan Barrington-Ward	1941–1948
William Francis Casey	1948–1952
William Haley	1952–1966
William Rees-Mogg	1967–1981
Harold Evans	1981–1982
	1982–1985
	1985–1990
Simon Jenkins	1990–1992
Peter Stothard	1992–2002
	2002–2007
	2007–

Columnists and journalists

Murad Ahmed

Michael Atherton

Guillem Balague

Simon Barnes

Alice Bowe

Peter Brookes, leader-page cartoonist

David Brown

Kaya Burgess

Rachel Campbell-Johnston

Sam Coates

Giles Coren

Robert Crampton

Ginny Dougary

Stephen Farrell

Daniel Finkelstein

Richard Ford

Adam Fresco

Joanna Geary

Frances Gibb

Brian Glanville

Ruth Gledhill

Michael Gove

Nico Hines

Anthony Howard

Philip Howard

Ben Hoyle

Mick Hume

Anatole Kaletsky

Patrick Kidd

Magnus Linklater

Richard Lloyd Parry

Anthony Loyd, war correspondent on retainer

Ben Macintyre

Sam Marlowe, theatre reviewer

Stefanie Marsh

Hugh McIlvanney

Alice Miles

Caitlin Moran

Michael Moran

Morten Morland, political cartoonist

Richard Morrison

Kate Muir

Matthew Parris

Grayson Perry

Catherine Philp

Libby Purves

Lord Rees-Mogg

Peter Riddell

Hugo Rifkind

Aki Riihilahti

Nick Robinson

Alyson Rudd

Dan Sabbagh

Sathnam Sanghera

Marcus du Sautoy

David Sinclair

Graham Stewart

Andrew Sullivan

Richard Susskind

Ann Treneman

Janice Turner

Philip Webster

Tom Whipple

Tom Whitwell

Tony Halpin

Alexander Williams, cartoonist

Jeremy Clarkson

Other publications

(Times Books Group Ltd)

The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World, 2007 ISBN 978-0-00-780150-3

Biography

Harold Evans, ''Good Times, Bad Times''. Includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.

In fiction

In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', ''The Times'' has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.

Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London ''Times'' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.

In the James Bond series, written by Ian Fleming, the title character, James Bond, reads ''The Times''. As described by Fleming in ''From Russia, with Love'': "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

See also

List of newspapers by date

References

External links

The Sunday Times site

Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times atlases

Archive from 1785 to 1985 – full text and original layout, searchable (not free of charge, registration required)

The Times editor Robert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of ''The Times'', RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series

Anthony Trollope's satire on the mid-nineteenth century Times

Journalism Now: The Times Winchester University Journalism History project on the Times in the nineteenth century

Category:Newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:News Corporation subsidiaries * Category:Publications established in 1785 Category:1785 establishments in Great Britain

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name	Darnell Jackson
number	41
position	Forward
birth date	November 07, 1985
birth place	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
team	Sacramento Kings
high school	Midwest City
college	Kansas
nationality	American
draft round	2
draft pick	52
draft team	Miami Heat
draft year	2008
career start	2008
teams	Cleveland Cavaliers (2008-2010)Erie BayHawks (2009-2010)Milwaukee Bucks (2010)Sacramento Kings (2010-Present)
profile	darnell_jackson }}

Darnell Edred Jackson (born November 07, 1985 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is an American professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the NBA. He is 6'9" and is 253 lbs. Jackson played for the University of Kansas in college for four seasons, including the 2008 national championship team. He did not become a regular starter at Kansas until the 2007–08 season (his senior year), when he replaced Sasha Kaun in the starting lineup.

Kansas career

Jackson, who did not begin playing basketball until the ninth grade, was called one of the most improved players in the nation after averaging 6.7 rebounds during his senior season at Kansas in 2007-08. He attracted some attention from NBA scouts after several breakout performances, including a 25-point, 9-rebound effort against Boston College. After this performance, he was named the co-winner of the Phillips 66 Big XII Player of the Week.

In 2005, Jackson's sophomore year, Jackson was suspended for nine games for accepting payments from Kansas booster Don Davis, a family friend. This was part of a rough year for him, as his grandmother had been killed by a drunk driver earlier in 2005. After scoring, Jackson often thumped his chest three times. Symbolically, one of the thumps was for Jackson's grandmother, one was for his mother, and one was for Davis.

He played a big role in the Jayhawks' 2008 championship season, leading the team in rebounds and shooting percentage.

NBA career

Drafted and signed by Cleveland

Jackson was selected as the 52nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA Draft by the Miami Heat on June 26. He was traded to the Cavaliers on the same day. Interestingly, Sasha Kaun, his former Jayhawks teammate and fellow 2008 draft pick, was also acquired by the Cavaliers (from the Seattle Sonics), although as of May 2011, Kaun has never played in the NBA. Jackson was signed by the team on September 6, 2008.

2008 NBA Summer League

Jackson played for the Cavs during the NBA (National Basketball Accociation) Summer League in Las Vegas, Nevada. In five games (four starts) he averaged 5.8 points and 5.4 rebounds in 24.6 minutes per game.

2008–09

Jackson broke his wrist during the preseason and was inactive for the first 13 games of the Cavaliers' regular season. Jackson made his professional debut on November 25, 2008 against the New York Knicks. In six minutes of play, he scored four points on a perfect 2-2 from the field and grabbed two rebounds. On February 9, 2009, Jackson was assigned by the Cavs to their affiliate D-League team, the Erie Bayhawks. He played one game before being recalled back to the Cavs, a day later. In his only game with Erie, Jackson scored a game-high 24 points (on 10-of-14 field goals) in 26 minutes in a 101–89 win over Utah.

2009–10

On February 24, 2010, Jackson was assigned to the Erie BayHawks of the NBA D-League. On February 26, 2010, Jackson was recalled by the Cavaliers after Shaquille O'Neal sustained a significant thumb injury against the Boston Celtics on February 25. Jackson was sent down again on March 20, and recalled the next day. On March 23, he was waived by Cleveland due to the return of star center Zydrunas Ilgauskas. He was then claimed off waivers by the Milwaukee Bucks.

2010-11

On July 21, 2010, Jackson was traded to the Sacramento Kings for forward Jon Brockman.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland | 51 || 2 || 8.4 || .430 || .000 || .686 || 1.7 || .2 || .2 || .1 || 1.9 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland | 27 || 0 || 4.2 || .320 || .333 || .667 || .7 || .1 || .1 || .2 || .8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10 | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee | 1 || 0 || 9.0 || .200 || .0 || .000 || 2.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 2.0 |- | align="left" | 2010–11 | align="left" | Sacramento | 59 || 2 || 8.2 || .487 || .273 || .612 || 1.6 || .2 || .2 || .0 || 3.2 |- | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"| | 138 || 4 || 7.5 || .449 || .235 || .644 || 1.5 || .2 || .2 || .1 || 2.2

References

External links

NBA.com: Darnell Jackson Draft 2008 Profile

NBA.com : Darnell Jackson Info Page

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:African American basketball players Category:Basketball players from Oklahoma Category:Cleveland Cavaliers players Category:Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball players Category:Miami Heat draft picks Category:Milwaukee Bucks players Category:People from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Category:Power forwards (basketball) Category:Sacramento Kings players

es:Darnell Jackson fr:Darnell Jackson gl:Darnell Jackson hr:Darnell Jackson it:Darnell Jackson pt:Darnell Jackson

name	Jamie Roberts
birth date	November 08, 1986
birth place	Newport, Wales
height
weight
nickname	Quagmire
occupation	Medical Student
schools	Ysgol Gyfun Glantaf and Ysgol Y Wern
university	Cardiff University
ru currentposition	Centre, Fullback, Wing
ru currentteam	Cardiff Blues
ru position	Centre, Fullback, Wing
ru proclubs	Cardiff RFCCardiff Blues
ru clubyears	2005–20072007–
ru clubcaps	2869
ru clubpoints	(75)(80)
ru nationalyears	2008–2009
ru nationalteam	Wales
ru nationalcaps	322
ru nationalpoints	(10)(0)
ru ntupdate	16:55, 20 Aug 2011 (UTC)
website	}}

Jamie Roberts is a Welsh international rugby union player for Cardiff Blues in the Magners League. Roberts' position of choice is as a centre.

Career

Early career

Roberts represented Wales at all levels between Under 16s and Under 19s, and once again for the Under 21s. He was part of the Under 21s team which won the Six Nations Grand Slam in 2005. During the 2005–06 season, he represented Cardiff RFC. He played eleven times and scored five tries. In the 2006–07 season, he picked up a shoulder injury but recovered to play 17 times and score 10 tries for his amateur club.

2007–2008

Rise In Cardiff Blues Ranks

With players away at the 2007 Rugby World Cup, Roberts called up to play for the Cardiff Blues, making his debut against the Ospreys. The Blues won 17–15 in the first Magners League match to have a video referee. In the next two matches against the Dragons and Glasgow Warriors, he scored three tries, one against the former and two against the latter. This form led to continual selection for the Blues and led to selection in the Welsh squad for the Six Nations.

2008 Six Nations

Although he was widely tipped to start the first match against England, Roberts was left out of the lineup. But Roberts made his debut against Scotland the next week. Starting on the wing, Roberts impressed with his hard running as Wales triumphed 30–15.

He seemed to have booked his place in the team for the rest of the tournament. But Roberts was left out for the next match against Italy, with Mark Jones beating him to the number 14 jersey. He remained in that position for the rest of the tournament. Wales claimed their second grand slam in four years.

2008 Summer Tour Of South Africa

Roberts was included in the squad for the summer tour test series in South Africa. Due to an injury to Lee Byrne, Roberts started the match at full back. Despite Wales putting in a disappointing display, Roberts collected his first test try. He was replaced by Morgan Stoddart, who gifted two tries due to missed tackles. Wales lost the match 43–17. Roberts was again selected the following week, but in an unfamiliar position of inside centre. He had never played in that position before. Wales lost 37–21 with two infringements by Roberts leading to points for the South Africans. Wales lost the series 2–0, Roberts would stay in this position throughout his career.

2008–2009

2008 Autumn Tests

After the game against South Africa, Blues coach Dai Young gave Roberts a chance in the position and he was named in the Welsh squad for the Autumn Internationals. For the first match against The Springboks, Roberts was selected at outside centre in a fourth new position for Wales in as many tests. He would be moved to inside centre as Gavin Henson pulled out with an injury and Tom Shanklin moved to outside centre. Wales lost the game 20–15., with Roberts having a quiet game on his 22nd birthday. Roberts was then named on the bench for the match against The Canucks. Wales won 34–13 with Roberts appearing as substitute., Roberts then returned for the match with The All Blacks. He played a better role in this with his crash ball getting over the gainline more. Wales lost the game though 29–9. He was once again selected at inside centre for the match against Australia, but Roberts collided with Aussie skipper Stirling Mortlock in the second minute of the game. Mortlock was immediately replaced but Roberts initially played on and was crucial in the build-up to Shane Williams' opening Wales try but the 22-year-old was later replaced by Andrew Bishop in the 18th minute. Wales finally claimed a victory over a southern hemisphere team, winning 21–18. After the game Roberts was rushed in to hospital with a suspected fractured skull. This was later confirmed and he would be out for two months.

2009 Six Nations

Roberts returned to the Blues setup two months later and played in the 14-man Blues victory away to Gloucester which saw the Blues become the fifth team to win all their games in the Heineken Cup group stage. Roberts was then selected in the Welsh squad for the 2009 Six Nations Tournament. For the opening match against The Scots, Roberts was once again selected to play outside centre for the first time with Gavin Henson inside him, but Henson pulled out with another injury. Roberts played an instrumental game, winning a man of the match award in the 26–13 win. He was again selected for the match against England. This time he was better marshalled with England flanker Joe Worsley man marking him for the entire game as Wales won 23–15. Roberts played again at 12 for the game against France. This time he was kept quiet and was replaced midway through the second half by Gavin Henson. Wales lost 21–15. For the third time, Roberts was selected at outside centre with Gavin Henson, and he finally played with him. But the combination didn't go as well as it was tipped to be with Roberts barely touching the ball the whole match. Wales won 20–15 but not by the amount they were hoping for, as they were looking to increase their points difference for the final round. Roberts was put on the bench for the tournament decider against Ireland. He came on just before halftime as Lee Byrne was injured. Roberts failed to match Brian O'Driscoll, who scored a try, as Ireland claimed victory 17–15 to win the Grand Slam for the first time in 61 years.

End Of Season Form

Despite the disappointing end to the Six Nations, Roberts continued to play well for the Blues as they won the EDF Energy Cup with a crushing 50–12 win over Gloucester. On 21 April 2009, Roberts was named as a member of the British and Irish Lions for the 2009 tour to South Africa. He was one of six Blues selected.

The Blues also made it into the Heineken Cup semi-finals thanks to a win over Toulouse. But they lost in a penalty shoot-out against Leicester Tigers after the match was drawn 26–26. Roberts scored a try and set up another try.

2009 Lions Tour Of South Africa

The Warm-Up Matches

Before the tour, Roberts was in contention for the inside centre role. Roberts was selected to play in the opening match of the tour of the Royal XV. He was partnered by young Keith Earls in the centre. Despite a dour display from the Lions, Roberts held his own in the altitude and along with Lee Byrne and Tommy Bowe made an early claim for the test spot in the 37–25 win. In the same game, Flutey came on but picked up an injury ruling him out for a week and a half. This meant that Roberts was selected once again for the match against the Golden Lions, this time partnered with Brian O'Driscoll. He scored two tries and made several breaks in a man of the match, which gave the selectors thoughts about a test partnership with O'Driscoll as the Lions won 74–10. He was then left out of the next game against the Free State Cheetahs, as the Lions scraped victory 26–24. Roberts was once again selected in the centre with O'Driscoll for the next match against the Natal Sharks. There were also signs of concerns as he hurt his shoulder and had to have strapped at the end but coach Ian McGeechan played down any injury worries, saying that it was just bruising. The Lions won 39–3.Riki Flutey was then given his first start against the Western Province, but failed to impress. This removed any possibility of him appaearing on the test instead of Roberts.

The First Test

Roberts, as expected, was named in the centre with O'Driscoll for the first test match in Durban. The Lions lost the first test narrowly 26–21, despite outscoring them three tries to two. In the game Roberts released his partner to set up the first try for Tom Croft. He made a tandem tackle with O'Driscoll on winger JP Pietersen, knocking him back 20 metres. However, his performance was not enough for the Lions to win despite a late comeback. His partnership with O'Driscoll was touted as one of the best Lions' centre partnerships ever.

The Second Test

Roberts was selected again with O'Driscoll in the centre for the match at Loftus Versfeld. This was significant for Roberts because it was where he had played his first test in the centre (and also his first ever match at centre). He had a quieter game and never missed a tackle. But it wasn't enough for the Lions as they went down 28–25 to last minute Morne Steyn penalty from 53 metres out. This gave the Springboks an unassailable 2–0 lead in the series, to give them revenge for the 1997 defeat that the Boks had suffered to the Lions. They also outscored the Lions three tries to one with JP Pietersen, Bryan Habana and Jacque Fourie all scoring. Rob Kearney scored the Lions try. Roberts was taken off in 69th minute due to a sprained wrist and replaced by Ronan O'Gara. This proved costly as O'Gara missed a tackle which led to Fourie's try and conceded the penalty which Steyn kicked. Roberts wasn't the only one to pick up an injury. Props Gethin Jenkins (broken cheekbone), Adam Jones (dislocated shoulder) and centre partner Brian O'Driscoll (concussion) all picking up injuries. This led to uncontested scrums, which favoured the Springboks as they were being destroyed. This is what many believed to be the difference.

This next day, coach Ian McGeechan announced that both props Jenkins and Jones would miss the final test and Roberts and O'Driscoll were major doubts. The following Monday, it was announced that O'Driscoll would be flying home but Roberts along with Tommy Bowe, would most likely play in the final test. But when the team was announced, Roberts' place was taken by Riki Flutey with Tommy Bowe in the outside centre. They said that he hadn't quite recovered. The Lions would go on to win 28–9 in the final test against a new look Springbok team, but the series was still lost 2–1. Roberts was selected as the Lions Player of the Series.

2009–2010

September – October (Magners League & Heineken Cup)

After the Lions tour, Roberts, along with all the other Lions would be given a five week break from the sport. Dafydd James said that it was a good thing. This was coming from his personal experience from being injured after being rushed back into rugby from the tour. Roberts would return to regional training with the Blues in late September or early October. And despite having become a well known figure on the Lions tour, Roberts would also face stiff competition for a centre spot from new signings Casey Laulala and Gavin Evans alongside Dafydd Hewitt, who was returning from a long term injury. The Blues lost their opening two matches to Edinburgh and Munster, with Roberts being rested. He then returned for the match with Connacht but only lasted till halftime with an ankle injury forcing him off. The Blues lost again 18–16. The following Monday, Roberts was cleared to play in the game against the Scarlets in the first Welsh derby of the season. But he was once again forced off before halftime, this time with a neck injury. The Blues claimed their first victory of the season 19–15. But Roberts would be ruled out for ten days with the neck injury meaning he would miss the game against Glasgow Warriors, which the Blues would lose 21–5. Having lost 4 of the 5 games going into the Heineken Cup opener against Harlequins, Roberts returned to partner Tom Shanklin in the centre. The Blues claimed a 20–6 victory. Roberts set up the opening try for Tom James, as well as getting over the gainline, and also booting a 70 metre kick before halftime. The Blues then took on the Sale Sharks the following week. They lost 27–26 in a close game. Next up was the Ospreys in the biggest attendance at their new stadium. Roberts and Tom Shanklin were very good in defence. The Welsh squad was named the next day, with Roberts included.

2009 Autumn Internationals

For the first game New Zealand, despite speculation he would be playing at 13, outside James Hook, he was retained at 12 partnering Tom Shanklin in the centre with Hook averting to full back. Wales ended up losing 19–12 in a thrilling encounter. The centre partnership with Shanklin lacked creativity meaning Roberts was expected to move 13 with Hook coming in at 12. For the game against Samoa, the partnership was retained with Hook remaining at full back. Roberts had a quiet game and Samoa pushed Wales all the way and nearly repeated the shock victories of the 1991 and 1999 Rugby World Cup's. But Wales held out for a 17–13 victory. Once again creativity was lacking until Tom Shanklin was replaced by Jonathan Davies. This was seen as the probable partnership for the game against Argentina although some were calling for James Hook to come in at 12 after making several breaks. On the Monday before the match, it was revealed that Tom Shanklin had broken his nose and would therefore miss the game against the Pumas. With Gatland keen to keep Hook at full back, Jonathan Davies was brought in, incidentally at 12, with Roberts shifting to outside centre for the second time in the red jersey. This was to give Roberts extra space to make the hard yards. Wales claimed victory by 33–16. Roberts was then named in the Barbarians squad along with two other Cardiff Blues players Andy Powell and Leigh Halfpenny. But attention wasn't on that for the moment as he was put under the spotlight and was told to have a big game in the final match of the series against Australia. Once again Roberts was selected at 13 with Davies at 12 despite Shanklin returning from injury. Roberts was the only player to make any headway as Wales were crushed 33–12 in their worst performance in Warren Gatland's reign. Roberts was then given a start for the Barbarians match against the All Blacks with Jaque Fourie partnering him in the centre. It would be seen as a chance to redeem himself after a disappointing international series. Roberts was finally given the chance to prove his worth with an instrumental performance as the Baa-baas claimed only their second ever win over the New Zealand by 25 points to 18. Roberts made breaks and combined superbly. This proved the critics that he wasn't lacking form but that Wales needed someone to give the opportunity to shine.

December – January (Magners League & Heineken Cup)

Roberts was selected for the Heineken Cup match against Toulouse in Cardiff. The Blues won 15–9 in a lacklustre match. In another lacklustre match, Toulouse claimed a 23–7 win, a blow to the Blues' quarter final hopes. He then played in the 42–13 win over rivals the Dragons. He also picked up a shoulder injury in this match and would miss the second derby match against the Ospreys. The understrength Blues were hammered 26–0. On January 5, 2010, Roberts signed a new contract with the Blues that would keep him at the region until at least 2013. After playing well in Blues 36–19 win over Sale Sharks, the Blues faced the probability of being knocked out of the Heineken Cup. And if they did not get a result against Harlequins, they would be knocked out of Europe altogether, and not be included in the European Challenge Cup. Roberts was also facing competition for his Welsh jersey, with James Hook and Andrew Bishop forming an excellent centre partnership at the Ospreys. But the Blues ended their Heineken Cup on a high note by beating Harlequins, 45–20, with Roberts hitting back at the critics with two tries, his first of the season. And although they were knocked out of the Heineken Cup, they did qualify for the Challenge Cup, by finishing second in their group.

2010 Six Nations

There was plenty of competition for a place in the centres, with Roberts, James Hook, Andrew Bishop and Jonathan Davies all looking capable of doing a good job. There was also a dilemma over Lee Byrne, who was set to be banned for the England game, meaning Hook would play at full back again, even though the Welsh public were demanding for him to be played in the centre position. Lee Byrne successfully overturned his ban and Roberts and Hook were selected in the centres with Roberts returning to his natural position of 12, having played two games at his less favoured position of 13 in the autumn. Roberts and Hook combined well, and Hook scored a superb induvidual try but they did not get enough of the ball as Wales lost 30–17, despite a strong fight back. They were again paired together for the match against Scotland. Roberts had an excellent game making several breaks. Wales were not as impressive but completed a comeback to defeat the Scots 31–24, having been 24–14 down with five minutes to go. The backline for Scotland was retained in the following match against France, the second ever Friday night Six Nations match. Roberts and Hook managed to combine very well throughout the match but could not capitalise on their opportunities. France ended up winning 26–20 despite an excellent Welsh comeback, after scoring two interception tries in the first half to go up 20–0. Roberts played again against Ireland against Brian O'Driscoll, the man he partnered in the centre for the Lions. Ireland claimed a convincing victory 27–12. Once again, Roberts and Hook played in the centres in the final match against Italy. Wales won 33–10 with the pair combining well as Hook scored two tries. Gatland said after the match, that despite the two playing well, it would take possibly up to 12 months for them to become a great centre partnership.

April – May (Magners League & Amlin Challenge Cup)

Roberts returned to the Blues a couple weeks after the Six Nations in their 19–9 win over Ulster. This was a warm-up for their next against Newcastle Falcons in the Amlin Challenge Cup. The Blues romped home to win 55–20 with Roberts claiming a try. He then produced a man of the match display against the Scarlets in the Magners League, scoring two tries and setting up another in a comfortable 39–16 win over the west Wales region. This ended the Scarlets hopes of a spot in the Heineken Cup. Roberts then played in the 20–14 win over the Dragons at Rodney Parade. Next came London Wasps in the Amlin Challenge Cup semi final. The Blues claimed victory to move into the final against Toulon on 23 May. But before this, he played in the 13–12 victory over Munster, scoring a try. Next came the Amlin Final. The Blues claimed a victory by 28 points to 21, becoming the first Welsh team to win silverware in Europe. Roberts scored a try and caused trouble for the Toulon midfield defence.

2010 June Tests (Prince William Cup & Tour of New Zealand)

Roberts was selected for the Welsh squad to go on tour to New Zealand and to take on South Africa on June 5. It looked as if he would partner Andrew Bishop with James Hook take the tour off as he headed for shoulder surgery. But Hook delayed it by a week to play the Springboks and partnered Roberts for the sixth time in a row. In a decent match, Wales lost 31–34. Roberts had a great game combining excellently with Hook, getting over gainline a lot and putting in some decent tackles. This was not enough as Wales were outmuscled at the breakdown. Roberts was then partnered with Andrew Bishop in the centre for the first test against the All Blacks. Roberts was once again in defence, and made some breaks but it was again in vain as Wales were outmuscled by New Zealand going down 42–9 in the final ever test in Carisbrook. Roberts was taken off in the 69th minute with a shoulder injury but was deemed fine to play in the next test. His centre partner Bishop however picked up a hand injury, ruling him out of the next test. He was replaced by Jonathan Davies who played in the number 13 jersey. Wales lost the second test 29–10 but put in a slightly improved display. Roberts had another decent game once again putting in brutal tackles, making loads of tackle busts and breaks and got his 2nd test try as reward, Wales' first test try since 2006 against the All Blacks. He could have had another one but was held up over the line.

2010–2011

Wrist Surgery

Coming back from the tour of New Zealand, Roberts required wrist surgery. It was an injury that he had picked up on the 2009 Lions Tour in the second test and had been an ongoing problem. The surgery would rule him out until Christmas. Roberts though was positive about the surgery saying it would give him time to recuperate before the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He later stated that he hoped to knock the return date down by a month or two. On 6 December, Roberts was cleared to play in the Heineken Cup matches against Northampton Saints, a few weeks earlier than expected. Roberts tweeted, '"Just had my appointment with the wrist surgeon. I walked out feeling like a kid at Christmas. Return to the playing field imminent."

2011 Six Nations

Roberts returned for the Blues and was subsequently called up to the Six Nations squad. He was named at number 13 with Jonathan Davies at number 12 for the first game against England. He had a very quiet game only touching the ball 5 times. Wales lost 19-26 in a gripping encounter. He was retained for the game against Scotland with instructions to look for the ball against the Scots as Wales claimed a 24-6 victory. Davies was then ruled of the next match against Italy, so James Hook was moved to 13 and Roberts to 12. He had the same affect making some neat runs and some brutal hits, notably on Sergio Parisse, the Italian captain. Wales claimed victory 24-16. Davies then returned for the match against Ireland, with Roberts going back to 13. Wales claimed victory by 19 to 13, after a controversial try by Mike Phillips. The win kept Wales' championship hopes alive going into their final game against France. He was once again selected in a retained cetntre pairing but Wales were crushed by France 28-9, to end championship hopes and finish fourth.

2011-2012

2011 Rugby World Cup Warm-Ups

Roberts was named in the preliminary 45-man World Cup squad which would attend to training camps in Spala, Poland. These were described as being ferocious. Jamie was then named in the Welsh starting line-up for the opening World Cup Warm-Up match against England at Twickenham, partnering Jonathan Davies in the centres to win his 30th Welsh cap. A Welsh team lost 23-19 to England with Roberts having a strong game.

Professional record

Statistics as of June 9, 2009:

Overall points record

! Team	! Games	! Tries	! Conversions	! Penalties	! Drop Goals	! Total Points
Cardiff Blues	53	14	0	0	0	70
	30	2	0	0	0	10
British and Irish Lions	2	0	0	0	0	0
British and Irish Lions Tour Matches	3	2	0	0	0	10
	1	0	0	0	0	0

Test Match record

Wales

British and Irish Lions

Records Vs Nations

Awards

2007/08 Cardiff Blues Most Promising Player

2009 British & Irish Lions Player of The Series

2009 BBC Wales Sports Personality Award Third Place

Personal life

He was educated at Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf, and is currently studying medicine at Cardiff University. Roberts is also a patron for the anti-smoking pressure group and charity ASH Wales.

In November 2009, Roberts announced his involvement in RuckingBall.com, an online community for the development of school-boy rugby, coaches and parents.

Roberts is known by many of his rugby playing friends as Quagmire. This was firstly brought to light by Brian O'Driscoll in a Scrum 5 interview.

References

External links

Profile at cardiffblues.com

Profile at WRU.co.uk

Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:People from Newport Category:Welsh rugby union players Category:Cardiff Blues players Category:Alumni of Cardiff University Category:Wales international rugby union players Category:British and Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales Category:People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf

cy:Jamie Roberts de:Jamie Roberts fr:Jamie Roberts

Name	Paul Brown
Position	Head Coach
Birth date	September 07, 1908Norwalk, Ohio
Death date	August 05, 1991Cincinnati, Ohio
Coachdebutyear	1941
Coachdebutteam	Ohio State Buckeyes football
Coachfinalyear	1975
Coachfinalteam	Cincinnati Bengals
College	Miami (Ohio)
Teams	Ohio State University (1941–1943) Cleveland Browns (1946–1962) Cincinnati Bengals (1968–1975)
Highlights	1 NCAA National Championship (1942) 4 AAFC Championships (1946–1949) 3 NFL Championships (1950, 1954–1955) 3× Sporting News Coach of the Year (1949, 1951, 1953) 3× UPI NFL Coach of the Year (1957, 1969, 1970) Paul Brown Stadium named after him Paul Brown Tiger Stadium named after him 213–104–9 (regular season record) 9–8 (playoff record) 222-112–9 (overall record)
Stat1label	Win-Loss Record
Stat1value	213–104–9
Stat2label	Winning %
Stat2value	.672
Stat3label	Games
Stat3value	326
Pfrcoach	BrowPa0
Hof	34 }}

Paul Eugene Brown (September 7, 1908 – August 5, 1991) was a coach in American football and a major figure in the development of the National Football League. A seminal figure in the game's history, Brown is considered the "father of the modern offense", and one of the greatest of football coaches in history, achieving success at every major level—high school, college, and professional—and introducing numerous innovative coaching methods still in use today. He is also credited with founding both the Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals franchises, with the former named after him and the latter naming their stadium in his honor.

Early life

Born in Norwalk, Ohio, Brown's family moved to Walshingham when he was nine. His father Lester, a dispatcher for the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad, was described as "very meticulous, serious-minded and highly-disciplined," all of which characterized Brown's later approach to coaching. Brown graduated from Washington High School in Massillon, Ohio in 1925, having played varsity quarterback in the wake of Harry Stuhldreher (one of Notre Dame's legendary Four Horsemen).

High school and college coaching career

Enrolling at The Ohio State University as a freshman quarterback, Brown found his 145-pound frame would not stand the rigors of major college football, and transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, losing a year of eligibility in the process. Under Coach Chester Pittser, Brown played two years and was named to the All-Ohio small college second team by the AP at the end of the 1928 season. In 1930, he graduated from Miami with a B.A. in Education. He would complete his academic career in 1940 when he received an M.A. in Education from The Ohio State University.

As his academic credentials indicate, Brown was as much a teacher as he was a coach. He qualified for a Rhodes Scholarship in 1930, but he had married Katie Kester, his "high school sweetheart", in 1929 and with the coming of the Great Depression, he needed employment. His coaching career began in 1930 when he was hired as a teacher/coach at Severn School, in Severna Park, Maryland, at the time a Naval Academy prep school. Tasting success with a 16–1–1 mark in two seasons at Severn, Brown gave up a brief attempt at law school in 1932 to become at age 23 the head football coach of his hometown Massillon Washington High School Tigers. In his nine years at Massillon Brown posted an 80–8–2 record which included a 35-game winning streak. After his first three years, he had improved the fortunes of the Tigers, but still had been unable to defeat the team's bitter rival, Canton McKinley High School, losing all three meetings by at least fifteen points per game.

Brown not only ended that frustrating losing streak, but also won the next six games with McKinley, and an overall total of 58 of the next 60 contests, tying one. Massillon was voted to six straight Ohio poll high school football championships (1935 through 1940). The Tigers outscored their opposition 2,393 to 168 during those six years. The 1940 team outscored its opponents 477 to 6, with the lone score against them made by Canton McKinley. During this period, Brown's achievements also helped build a new stadium for the high school that seated 20,000 people, and drew crowds that surpassed every football program in Ohio except Ohio State University.

Brown had achieved this success by implementing a system at Massillon based on techniques developed by Dr. John B. "Jock" Sutherland, head coach at the University of Pittsburgh. Sutherland had played professional football for the pioneer Massillon Tigers club when Brown was a boy and had gone on to success as a coach. Brown planned every phase of his program, detailing practice schedules, assigning assistant coaches (which he dubbed "position coaches") specific duties, and installing his entire system in Massillon's junior high schools so that players would already know his system when they reached high school.

Ohio State Buckeyes

With avid support from influential groups including the Ohio High School Football Coaches Association and future Purdue University head coach Jack Mollenkopf of Toledo Waite High School, Brown moved into the college ranks by becoming head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes on January 14, 1941. Under Brown, the Buckeyes went 18–8–1 (1941–43). Brown's players were known for speed, intelligence, and contact; his teams for execution and fundamentals; and he was dubbed "Precision Paul" at Ohio State.

Paul Brown was also a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Kappa chapter).

In his first season at Ohio State Brown went 6–1–1, losing to Northwestern University and their running back Otto Graham (who would go on to become his quarterback for the Browns for 10 seasons, reaching the championship game every season and winning 7 of them), and tying Michigan. The Buckeyes tied for second place in the Western Conference, finished 13th in the AP Poll, and Brown was voted fourth place on balloting for National Coach of the Year behind Frank Leahy, Bernie Bierman, and Earl Blaik.

The following year (1942), despite losing 18 lettermen to graduation and to military service in World War II, Brown led the Buckeyes to a share of the university's first National championship, using a team of three seniors, 16 juniors, and 24 sophomores. (Georgia also claimed the title that year.) Among his players were sophomore Les Horvath and four former Massillon players, two of whom (Lin Houston and Tommy James) would play for the Cleveland Browns. The only loss in 1942 was on the road to Wisconsin in a game that came to be known as the "Bad-Water Game," because most of the team came down with dysentery from unsanitary water during their travel to Madison by railroad.

Brown had recruited what was reputedly the finest freshman team in Ohio history in 1942 but lost virtually all of them to military service. In 1943 Ohio State was handicapped when the school affiliated itself with the U.S. Army's ASTP officer training, which did not allow its trainees to participate in varsity sports, while schools such as Michigan and Purdue became part of the Navy's V-12 program, which did. Although the Big Ten promulgated a special wartime exemption in 1943 allowing freshmen to play varsity football, Ohio State found itself in competition against older and larger teams (both military and college) featuring players such as Elroy Hirsch. The 1943 "Baby Bucks" had only five returning players and one starter from the national champion team, six from the 1942 freshman team, and 33 17-year-old freshmen, going 3–6.

After Brown was re-classified 1-A in February 1944, he was commissioned April 12, 1944, as a lieutenant (junior grade) in the United States Navy. He served at the Great Lakes Naval Station as head coach of its Bluejacket football team, which competed against other service teams and college programs, putting together a mark of 15-5-2 during the final two years of World War II. One of those five losses was to Ohio State on October 9, 1944.

After the war, despite still being Ohio State's head coach ''in absentia'', Brown chose instead to go to Cleveland as part-owner, vice president, general manager and head coach for Arthur B "Mickey" McBride's entry in the upstart All-America Football Conference. He signed his contract February 8, 1945, while still in the Navy. A name-the-team poll taken in the ''The Plain Dealer's'' most popular submission was "Browns" in recognition of Paul Brown, already an established and popular figure in Ohio sports. Brown at first objected to the name and the team selected from the contest entries the name "Panthers." However, after an area businessman informed the team that he owned the rights to the name Cleveland Panthers from an earlier failed football team, another contest was held with the winning entry "Brown Bombers." It was shortened to Browns as Coach Brown rescinded his objection and agreed to the use of his name.

Until 1951, Brown retained an interest in coaching the Buckeyes. Despite his success as a professional head coach, he let it be known following the resignation of Wes Fesler that he would entertain an offer to return to Ohio State, and he received an immediate show of strong support from many of the same organizations and people who had supported him in 1940. However Brown had also alienated many of his supporters within the Buckeye alumni ranks for failing to return to the coaching position reserved for him at the end of World War II, and within the athletics department by signing Buckeye players, Lou Groza chief among them, to professional contracts before their college eligibility had ended. Brown strenuously denied breaking any rules, claiming that the Browns were allowed to sign those players because they had all completed World War II military service and their college classes had already graduated, as allowed by the rules then in place. Although he interviewed with the university's athletic board on January 27, 1951, with tumultuous campus support, the board unanimously rejected Brown in favor of Woody Hayes, who was unanimously endorsed by the board of trustees.

Professional leagues

Cleveland Browns

In 1945, a new professional football franchise was founded in Cleveland, Ohio. Team owner Arthur B. McBride hired Paul Brown when Brown was still coaching at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station during World War II, paying Brown $20,000 per year plus 15% of the profits, plus $1,000 per month until the end of the war. While the AAFC lasted only four seasons, the Browns served as the gold standard for the league, winning all four championships and losing only four games during the league's four-year existence.

Brown put together the most extensive player recruitment network that had ever been seen in pro football at the time. The great majority of the early Browns teams came from Massillon, Ohio State and Great Lakes. One key move came when he tapped Otto Graham, a single-wing tailback during his days at Northwestern University, as his quarterback, providing the team with a signal caller who would lead the team to the league title game in each of his ten seasons. In addition, Brown ignored the gentlemen's agreement that barred African-American players from the league, adding future Pro Football Hall of Famers Marion Motley and Bill Willis.

Following the merger between the NFL and AAFC, the Browns, along with the San Francisco 49ers and the first Baltimore Colts franchise, moved to the NFL in 1950. Critics had predicted that the overall weakness of the AAFC would expose the Browns. However, in their very first official NFL game, the Browns dismantled the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles 35–10, putting up 487 yards of total offense, 346 of them in the air. They won the NFL Championship in their first year, defeating the Rams in the title game on December 24 on a last-minute field goal by Lou Groza. This 1950 NFL championship gave Brown the distinction of being the first head coach to win a college national championship and an NFL championship, Jimmy Johnson and Barry Switzer later winning college championships and Super Bowls. The Browns went on to appear in the next five title games, winning back-to-back titles in 1954 and 1955.

Brown was a great innovator during his time in Cleveland. He was the first to use intelligence tests to judge players, establish a game film library, instruct players in a classroom setting, use a radio transmitter to communicate with players on the field, and install face masks on helmets (At the professional level. Many players in college attached crude forms of face masks on their helmets before Brown.). Another innovation was the use of "messenger guards" to relay plays from the sidelines after the radio proved problematic due to the technology then available. The offense directed by Graham was the predecessor of the West Coast offense made famous by Bill Walsh, a protégé of Brown.

He was also a person known for his stubborn approach to criticism. In 1950, Eagles head coach Greasy Neale dismissed the Browns' shredding of his Eagles' vaunted defense in the season opener by saying, "All they do is pass the ball." In the teams' subsequent meeting a few months later, the Browns set an NFL record that still stands by attempting no passes in a 13–7 win over the Eagles.

At the end of the 1958 season, the Green Bay Packers were searching for a new head coach. They talked to Brown, who recommended either Blanton Collier or Vince Lombardi. Once Lombardi was hired, Brown made a short list of young players with promise but no roster spot. Lombardi chose four players, two became Hall of Famers and three of his four defensive linemen.

By 1959, Brown was respected enough in the NFL that efforts were made to draft him for the league's commissionership, which was vacant following the death of Bert Bell. Brown declined, and Pete Rozelle was eventually chosen.

Departure from Cleveland

Brown was terminated as coach on January 9, 1963 by majority owner, Art Modell, who had purchased the club in 1961. Controversy developed over the timing of the decision, coming in the midst of a local newspaper strike, which limited discussion of the move. Cleveland sportswriter Frank Gibbons said the firing was "Like toppling the Terminal Tower", which was then Cleveland's tallest building.

Modell and Brown were at odds from the start. Shortly after Modell took over the club, Brown made a trade with the Washington Redskins in December 1961 without Modell's knowledge. Brown's deal secured the rights to 1961 Heisman Trophy winner Ernie Davis, star running back from Syracuse University. However, the trade marked the beginning of the end of Brown's Cleveland career. Davis was diagnosed with leukemia during his first training camp in 1962. The feud between Brown and Modell was exacerbated when Brown chose not to play Davis, despite assurances from doctors that Davis could withstand the physical demands of NFL action. Modell, conversely, saw no harm in playing Davis. Ultimately, the relationship between coach and owner was never repaired, and Ernie Davis never played in a professional game, dying of the disease on May 18, 1963.

In exile after more than 30 years of coaching, Brown spent the next five years away from the sidelines, never once attending a Browns' contest. While he was secure financially, receiving his paycheck from the Browns for the duration of the final five years of his contract, as well as retaining approximately six percent of the team, Brown's frustration grew with each passing year. He later recalled, "It was terrible. I had everything a man could want: leisure, enough money, a wonderful family. Yet with all that, I was eating my heart out." Because Brown was still receiving his annual salary and liked to golf, it was said (in jest) that the only two people who made more money at golf than he did were Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus.

Just months after his dismissal, Brown was rumored to be part of an ownership group to buy the Philadelphia Eagles, but no deal was ever officially signed. In May 1966, Brown sold his stake in the Browns and traveled with Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes to make a presentation on behalf of Cincinnati for an American Football League franchise.

Cincinnati Bengals

On September 26, 1968, Brown officially returned to football as principal owner, general manager, and coach of the Cincinnati Bengals of the NFL's rival American Football League. He would coach the team for eight seasons, leading the team to three playoff berths, including one in the team's third year of operation in 1970. In each of those seasons, as well as a number of preseason clashes, Browns' Bengals took on his former Browns team, reigniting the bitter rivalry between Brown and Modell. Brown was criticized for failing to shake Browns' coach Collier's hand after the first Browns/Bengals games in 1970.

Brown stepped down as coach on January 1, 1976, but remained as team president. Under him, the Bengals made two trips to the Super Bowl, losing both games to Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers. Following his death in 1991 of complications from pneumonia, Brown was succeeded by his son Mike as Bengals' team president.

Ironically, Walsh, who was a Cincinnati Bengals assistant for seven seasons under Brown, was passed over in favor of Bill "Tiger" Johnson when Brown retired in 1975. In a 2006 interview , Walsh claimed that during his tenure with the Bengals, Brown "worked against my candidacy" to be a head coach anywhere in the league. "All the way through I had opportunities, and I never knew about them," Walsh said. "And then when I left him, he called whoever he thought was necessary to keep me out of the NFL." Michael Lewis confirmed Walsh's argument (cf. "The Blind Side," pp. 96–7, W.W. Norton, 2006): "Brown had several times refused other NFL teams permission to interview Walsh for their head coaching jobs, without bothering to mention their interest to Walsh. Instead Brown had told Walsh that he didn't think he'd ever make a good NFL head coach."

Honors

Brown was honored in 1967 by his election to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. In addition to that accolade, two stadiums bear his name: Paul Brown Tiger Stadium in Massillon Ohio, and Paul Brown Stadium, current home of the Cincinnati Bengals. On July 29, Sporting News honored Brown by naming him to their 50 Greatest Coaches of All Time list, appearing in the 13th position, with only two other NFL coaches listed above him.

Brown's first wife, Kathryn "Katie" Brown, died in 1969 and in 1973 he married his former secretary, Mary Rightsell. He died in Cincinnati on August 5, 1991, and is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Massillon, Ohio.

Coaching tree

The following coaches either coached under or played for Paul Brown and were influenced at least to some degree by him and his football knowledge and offensive system:

Blanton Collier (coach under Paul Brown)

Weeb Ewbank (coach under Paul Brown)

Abe Gibron (player)

Sid Gillman (coach)

Otto Graham (player for Paul Brown)

Bill "Tiger" Johnson (coach under Paul Brown)

Chuck Noll (player for Paul Brown)

Ara Parseghian (player for Paul Brown)

Lou Saban (player for Paul Brown)

Don Shula (player for Paul Brown)

Bill Walsh (coach under Paul Brown)

Bruce Coslet (player and head coach under team President Paul Brown)

Sam Wyche (player and head coach under team President Paul Brown)

Head coaching record

College

Professional

AAFC/NFL/AFL

2 1 0 1 47 2 1 4 1 3 2 7 2 3 5 3 5 6 111 11 9 7 6 10 6 4 7 3 48 206

rowspan="2"	Team !! rowspan="2"|Year !! colspan="5"|Regular Season !! colspan="4"|Post Season
!Won!!Lost!!Ties!!Win %!!Finish!! Won !! Lost !! Win % !! Result
1946 Cleveland Browns season>CLE	1946		12	|	0	85.7	1st in AAFC Western Conference	1	0	100.0	Beat New York Yanks in AAFC championship game
1947 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		12	|	1	89.2	1st in AAFC Western Conference	1	0	100.0	Beat New York Yanks in AAFC championship game
1948 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		14	|	0	100.0	1st in AAFC Western Conference	1	0	100.0	Beat Buffalo Bills in AAFC championship game
1949 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		9	|	2	83.3	1st in AAFC regular season	2	0	100.0	Beat Buffalo Bills in 1st round, Beat San Francisco 49ers in AAFC championship game
colspan="2"	CLE AAFC Total	|	4	3	89.8	| 5 ||	0	100.0	4 league titles, 4 regular season 1st places in 4 seasons
1950 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		10
1951 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		11
1952 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		8
1953 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		11
1954 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		9
1955 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		9	|	1	81.8	1st in NFL Eastern Conference	1	0	100.0	Beat Los Angeles Rams in NFL Championship game
1956 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		5
1957 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		9	|	1	81.8	1st in NFL Eastern Conference	0	1	00.0	Lost to Detroit Lions in NFL Championship game
1958 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		9
1959 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		7
1960 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		8	|	1	72.7	2nd in NFL Eastern Conference	-	-	-
1961 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		8	|	1	61.5	3rd in NFL Eastern Conference	-	-	-
1962 Cleveland Browns season>CLE		7	|	1	53.8	3rd in NFL Eastern Conference	-	-	-
colspan="2"	CLE NFL Total	|	44	6	70.8	| 4 ||	5	44.4	3 league titles, 7 conference titles in 13 seasons
1968 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		3	|	0	21.4	5th in AFL West Division	-	-	-
1969 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		4	|	1	30.8	5th in AFL West Division	-	-	-
colspan="2"	CIN AFL Total	|	20	1	26.8	| - ||	-	-
1970 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		8	|	0	57.1	1st in NFL AFC Central	-	1	0.00	Lost to Baltimore Colts in AFC Divisional Playoff
1971 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		4	|	0	28.6	4th in NFL AFC Central	-	-	-
1972 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		8	|	0	57.1	3rd in NFL AFC Central	-	-	-
1973 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		10	|	0	71.4	1st in NFL AFC Central	-	1	0.00	Lost to Miami Dolphins in AFC Divisional Playoff
1974 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		7	|	0	50.0	2nd in NFL AFC Central	-	-	-
1975 Cincinnati Bengals season>CIN		11	|	0	78.6	2nd in NFL AFC Central	-	1	0.00	Lost to Oakland Raiders in AFC Divisional Playoff
colspan="2"	CIN NFL Total	|	36	0	57.1	| 0 ||	3	00.0	2 Division titles, 3 playoff appearances in 6 seasons
colspan="2"	Professional Total	|	104	10	65.9	| 9 ||	8	52.9	7 league titles in 25 seasons

See also

American Football League players, coaches and contributors

References

External links

''New York Times'' Obit

NFL Network: Paul Brown Feature - (Video)

Category:1908 births Category:1991 deaths Category:All America Football Conference coaches Category:Cincinnati Bengals executives Category:Cincinnati Bengals head coaches Category:Cincinnati Bengals owners Category:Cleveland Browns head coaches Category:High school football coaches in the United States Category:Miami RedHawks football coaches Category:Miami University alumni Category:National Football League head coaches Category:National Football League general managers Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches Category:National Football League owners Category:People from Massillon, Ohio Category:People from Huron County, Ohio Category:Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees

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